美国消费品安全委员会召开有关铅和XRF技术的公开会议

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会议主要内容：
A. 制造商可以采用XRF技术出具铅含量的普通合格证书，但2009年8月开始实施强制性第三方测试后，需要采用化学分析法。
B. 可以使用唯一标识形式的电子证书，随附货物，便于CPSC(美国消费品安全委员会)通过合理方式(互联网URL)查看证书。
. w% A" M* L6 {) P" d/ TC. 明确界定了16 CFR 1303适用的产品范围，包括家用涂料(罐装销售)和儿童玩具、儿童使用的其它物品和家具(床、书架等)等的表面涂料。
, M: M9 l1 n9 N8 cD. 接触性：
􀂾 以前在《联邦危险物质法》(FHSA)中的定义是行动且可获取。(例如：手与产品的接触，从手到嘴的接触转移，接触频率达到无显著风险水平[NSRL])；
􀂾 现在《消费品安全改进法》(CPSIA)中的定义单指与某一部件的身体接触。
E. 业界呼声：
􀂾 业界希望CPSC改变2009年2月起库存产品需要符合铅和邻苯二甲酸盐含量限值的规定；
* N7 a( e, P+ ?  x' ]6 {& t" D5 K. Q' Y􀂾 业界还呼吁CPSC允许进行部件测试(钮扣、拉链等)，因为提交成品的负担/成本/难度较大。
F. CPSC希望电子行业提供电子部件中铅应用和接触性的相关信息，以便制定豁免条款。
代理主席Nancy Nord讲话的主要内容：
. }# _* Z9 F+ g8 k' ca) 如果符合以下情况，可以使用电子证书：
􀂾 CPSC可以通过合理途径查看证书；
􀂾 合理方式包括使用可通过URL(互联网地址)访问查看的唯一标识；
􀂾 电子证书必须包括所有要求提供的信息；
, a2 Y. M+ {5 U: x􀂾 如果进口商和零售商也可通过合理途径查看电子证书，则电子证书被视为已提供给进口商和零售商；
􀂾 电子证书必须以合理的测试方案为基础。
: @! K- J. `; L& p- o' g1 q有关第101部分(铅)的简单介绍(主讲人 – Lorie E. Saltzman)：
I. 含铅涂料
. E2 N! I; U: j# Oa) 16 CFR 1303适用的产品范围
" M2 F" I) b7 I2 h􀂾 包括家用涂料(罐装销售)和儿童玩具、儿童使用的其它物品和家具(床、书架等)等的表面涂料；
+ W, w3 z( p* p9 E* Q+ ]􀂾 家具产品包括成人及儿童家具，但不包括设备和器具，如冰箱、炉灶、洗碗机等。
II. 铅含量
) r% l5 U/ E$ i  f0 U! Aa) 铅含量限值是按部件来衡量，而非产品。
b) 什么是不可接触部分？
! d1 o4 C0 q* E1 Q' }􀂾 在儿童产品的正常使用和滥用中接触不到的产品的任何部分；
8 L8 X; i5 j& [. {  ~) B􀂾 涂料、涂层和电镀层不是遮蔽有害物质的屏障，被涂料、涂层或电镀层覆盖的底材为可接触部分；
􀂾 16 CFR 1500.51-53正常使用和滥用测试(8岁以下)与儿童产品正常使用和滥用测试(12岁及以下)之间存在年龄差距，CPSC对此没有解释说明；
􀂾 CPSC将于2009年8月前公布有关接触性的指引。
* v$ ~$ [) p! W5 l- C- fc) 如果CPSC认定要求某些电子设备(包括使用电池的设备)达到铅含量限值在技术上是不可
1 h( p+ _$ J& \行的，则将以法规形式发布：
5 |$ p/ T1 I5 Q􀂾 消除或减少潜在暴露和接触的要求；
􀂾 达到完全符合性的日程表，除非委员会认为在设定的时间内不可能达到完全符合；
􀂾 对法规进行定期评估，至少每5年一次。
# b1 B9 e( |7 V铅含量测试方法(主讲人 – Joel Recht博士):
, F) x, z0 P8 f4 X! d􀂾 CPSC将发布铅含量的不同材料(金属、塑料、织物、瓷器、玻璃)的消解方法；
7 [. E, O7 `6 ?" Z6 L( W7 d' W( h􀂾 儿童金属珠宝中总铅含量的确定方法为第一部分：总铅筛查测试(而非第二部分：酸萃取法测试) http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/pbjeweltest.pdf；
  R$ x7 `3 g1 R6 |􀂾 目前正对XRF方法进行评估，研究其在涂料铅含量16 CFR 1303符合性测试方面的有效性、准确性和可靠性。
XRF会议：
0 a/ d4 }8 O6 e, i% h7 ~8 pXRF制造商展示其技术和设备有能力针对美国《消费品安全改进法》的要求，对含铅涂料和铅含量进行分析和测试。

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US CPSC Public Meetings on Lead and XRF Technology
Highlights of the Meetings:
, ^" a8 F# R: S$ j9 jA. XRF technology can be used by manufacturers to issue a general certificate of conformity for lead content. However, wet chemistry will be required when 3rd party testing becomes mandatory in August of 2009.
9 K, v  ]" @; A* Q: {7 xB. Electronic certificates will be accepted in the form of a unique identifier that accompanies the shipment and allows the CPSC reasonable access (through a URL) to access the certificates.
C. The scope of 16 CFR 1303 has now been clearly defined. It includes paint (sold in the can) for use in the household and surface coatings of children's toys, other articles intended for use by children and furniture items (beds, bookcases, etc.).
D. Accessibility:
, b- W6 Y# R6 E" Q! P􀂾 Previously defined under FHSA as combination of behaviour and extractability (example: contact of hand with a product and the transfer via hand to mouth contact, frequency of contact to reach the No Significant Risk Level [NSRL])
( H; D2 A' s3 h7 v& N􀂾 Now under CPSIA - it is defined purely by physical contact with a component
E. Industry Outcry:
5 e9 F8 ^8 |, h􀂾 Industry is calling for the CPSC to alter their stance to have products in inventory be compliant to lead content and phthalate requirements in February 2009.
􀂾 Industry is also calling on the CPSC to allow component testing (buttons, zippers, etc.) as the burden/cost/feasibility of submitting finished product is great.
F. The CPSC sought input from electronic industry about presence and accessibility of lead in electronic components for formulating exemptions by rule.
Acting Chairman Nancy Nord has stated:
a) Electronic certificates may be used if:
􀂾 the CPSC has reasonable access to the certificates;
􀂾 reasonable access can be achieved through the use of a unique identifier that can be accessed through a URL (web address);
􀂾 the electronic certificate must contain all the required information;
􀂾 it will be considered furnished to importers and retailers if they also have reasonable access to the electronic certificate;
􀂾 the electronic certificate must also be based on a reasonable testing program.
6 J1 G$ C" S. W+ F0 M. N4 r! u1 s, rBrief Overview of Section 101 (Lead) - Lorie E. Saltzman:
I. Lead Paint
1 `% x; i; m0 O4 X% p5 Va) The scope of 16 CFR 1303
􀂾 includes paint (sold in the can) for use in the household and surface coatings of children’s toys, other articles intended for use by children and furniture items (beds, bookcases, etc.)
) ?% I" D7 h7 X/ Q& M# |􀂾 The furniture items include adult as well as children furniture; however it doesn’t include appliances - such as refrigerators, ranges, dishwashers, etc.
3 [+ K- `% A6 y1 [  _$ TII. Lead Content
a) Lead content limit is per component not product.
b) What is inaccessible?
􀂾 Any part of a children's product that is not accessible through use and abuse
􀂾 Paint, coatings and electroplating are not considered a barrier. Substrates covered by coatings, paint or electroplating will be considered accessible
5 Q7 Z& I# n+ Q! U6 Q! u4 q􀂾 The CPSC did not offer any clarification regarding the age gap that exists between the use and abuse testing listed in 16 CFR 1500.51-53 (up to 8 year olds) and use and abuse testing for a children's product (12 years and younger)
0 u4 t" |1 E5 t  p. A" d􀂾 CPSC will issue guidance on accessibility by August of 2009
8 y" r# T, y8 Y0 b0 I9 Uc) If CPSC determines that it is not technologically feasible for certain electronic devices
(including devices with batteries) to meet lead limits, it will by regulation issue:
) S2 ~! _; B# l4 x6 g  [􀂾 Requirements to eliminate or reduce potential exposure and accessibility
2 A, p9 f/ w1 L! v9 A􀂾 A schedule for achieving full compliance, unless the Commission determines full compliance is not possible on a set schedule
􀂾 Periodic review of regulation will take place no less than every 5 years
  H( H9 f$ t/ D; o* F  ~' m' XOverview of lead content test methods - Dr. Joel Recht:
& s* I* r( Z6 U1 T4 v􀂾 Methods for digestion of various materials (metal, plastic, fabric, ceramic, glass) will be published by the CPSC for lead content analysis
􀂾 For determination of total lead in children's metal jewelry, the method used will be Part I, Screening Test for Total Lead (NOT Part II, Acid Extraction Test)
4 }. W8 @- N) |0 [7 Thttp://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/pbjeweltest.pdf
􀂾 Study is underway to evaluate effectiveness, precision, and reliability of XRF for measuring lead in paint to determine compliance with 16 CFR 1303
XRF Meeting:
' i$ H' ~1 V* P4 U& t: w6 ?XRF manufacturers demonstrated their technology and equipment as being capable of lead paint and lead content analysis for compliance to CPSIA.

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